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1 |
Tibia IV with one dorsal bristle
N.B.: This key to the linyphiid genera is based on Heimer & Nentwig (1991) and needs to be completely revised. An alternative online key to linyphiid species is provided by Anna Stäubli. |
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- | Tibia IV with 2 dorsal bristles |
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2 (1) |
Metatarsus I with one dorsal bristle | |||||||
- | Metatarsus I without dorsal bristle | |||||||
3 (2) |
Cymbium of male pedipalp with dorsal spur bearing stout bristles distally; epigyne backwardly elongated, deeply divided | |||||||
- | Cymbium with small spur at most and without stout bristles | |||||||
4 (2) |
Tibia I-II ventrally with single, stout bristles in a double row, not row of bristles like in Hypselistes or Pocadicnemis | |||||||
- | Tibia I-II ventrally without spines | |||||||
5 (4) |
Metatarsus IV dorsally with 1 trichobothrium | |||||||
- | Metatarsus IV without trichobothria | |||||||
6 (5) |
Tibia and Metatarsus I-II ventrally with short, stout spines and long bristles respectively; prosoma ± unicoloured grey | |||||||
- | Metatarsus I-II without ventral spines; Prosoma with distinct dark margin and median stripe | |||||||
7 (4) |
Metatarsus IV with trichobothria | |||||||
- | Metatarsus IV without trichobothria | |||||||
8 (7) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at 0.35-0.6 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I > 0.6 | |||||||
9 (8) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I < 0.4 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at 0.4-0.6 | |||||||
10 (9) |
Prosoma length : width = 1.2-1.25; opisthosoma short and compact | |||||||
- | Prosoma length : width = 1.4; opisthosoma longish | |||||||
11 (10) |
Opisthosoma dorsally leather-like, often with scuticula | |||||||
- | Opisthosoma not leather-like, always with scuticula | |||||||
12 (10) |
Basal bristle on tibia I at < 0.15 | |||||||
- | Basal bristle on tibia I at ± 0.2 | |||||||
13 (9) |
Paired tarsal claws with strikingly long comb-like teeth | |||||||
- | Teeth of paired claws short or missing | |||||||
14 (13) |
Sternum densely provided with impressed dots | |||||||
- | Sternum smooth | |||||||
15 (14) |
Trichobothrium at metatarsus I < 0.55 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium at metatarsus I at 0.6 | |||||||
16 (15) |
Tibia of male pedipalp with divided, bent apophysis and tufts of bristles; epigynal plate with longitudinal bulge | |||||||
- | Male tibial apophysis undivided; epigyne different | |||||||
17 (16) |
Male pedipalp with large, bent tibia apophysis; male chelicerae anteriorly with protuberance; epigyne posteriorly with small recess | |||||||
- | Male pedipalp with small, hook-shaped apophysis; epigyne as fig. | |||||||
18 (8) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at 0.6-0.8 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I > 0.8 | |||||||
19 (18) |
Head region in males with tower-like elevation, in females elevated | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
20 (19) |
Basal bristle on tibia I < 0.2 | |||||||
- | Basal bristle on tibia I > 0.2 | |||||||
21 (20) |
Tibia I with one bristle | |||||||
- | Tibia I with 2 bristles | |||||||
22 (21) |
Bristle on tibia I in males < diameter of tibia, in females > diameter of tibia; male prosoma as fig. | |||||||
- | Male prosoma with bipartite cephalic lobe; tibial apophysis as fig.; bristle on tibia I in females < diameter of tibia | |||||||
23 (21) |
Male pedipalp with large dorsal apophysis bearing a rounded lateral branch; median part of epigyne approx. circularly extended anteriorly | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
24 (23) |
Bristle on tibia IV < diameter of tibia | |||||||
- | Bristle on tibia IV > diameter of tibia | |||||||
25 (24) |
Tibia of male pedipalp >> cymbium; median epigynal part as fig. | |||||||
- | Tibia of male pedipalp ≤ cymbium; median epigynal part different | |||||||
26 (24) |
Embolus short, robust and spiral; epigyne with lateral grooves | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
27 (26) |
Male pedipalp with robust, bent lateral tibial apophysis; median epigynal part twice as wide as long | |||||||
- | Male pedipalp with one to several short dorsal tibial apophysis; median epigynal part ± as long as wide | |||||||
28 (18) |
Opisthosoma and legs with striking long hairs | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
29 (28) |
Dorsal line of prosoma posterior to head region distinctly depressed | |||||||
- | Dorsal line of prosoma without depression | |||||||
30 (29) |
Male prosoma strongly elevated and laterally compressed; pedipalp as fig.; median epigynal part distinctly wider than long | |||||||
- | Male prosoma elevated but without lateral depression; male pedipalp different; median epigynal part considerably longer than wide | |||||||
31 (29) |
Male prosoma with strongly haired and projecting "nose" or narrow cephalic lobe; receptaculum seminis comma like visible through epigyne; epigyne as fig. | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
32 (31) |
Bristle on tibia IV > 1.5 diameter of tibia | |||||||
- | Bristle on tibia IV < 1.5 diameter of tibia | |||||||
33 (32) |
Bristle on tibia I at 0.25, on tibia IV at 0.35; male prosoma strongly elevated with deep groove in median part; epigyne as fig. | |||||||
- | Bristle on tibia I at 0.15, on tibia IV < 0.25; male prosoma without groove; epigyne with X-shaped entrance ducts | |||||||
34 (32) |
Legs strikingly orange | |||||||
- | Legs different | |||||||
35 (34) |
Ventral tibial bristles > diameter of tibia; embolus with broad membrane; median epigynal plate anteriorly bi-lobed or epigyne strongly sclerotised | |||||||
- | Ventral tibial bristles < diameter of tibia, embolus different; tibia and patella thickened; epigyne different, e.g. as fig. | |||||||
36 (7) |
Tibia I dorsally with 1 or 2 bristles | |||||||
- | Tibia I-II dorsally without bristles; tibia III-IV dorsally with one bristle | |||||||
37 (36) |
Tibia I-III with 2 bristles; tibia IV with one bristle | |||||||
- | tibial bristles different | |||||||
38 (37) |
Trichobothria on metatarsus I at ≤ 0.4 | |||||||
- | Trichobothria on metatarsus I at > 0.4 | |||||||
39 (38) |
Eyes very small, partly reduced | |||||||
- | Eyes normally developed | |||||||
40 (39) |
Distance between posterior median eyes > 2 diameters, male prosoma laterally with horns, bearing bristles (compare also P. inconspicuus); median epigynal part square, trapezoid or a bit longer than wide | |||||||
- | Distance between posterior median eyes smaller | |||||||
41 (40) |
Distance between posterior median eyes = diameter | |||||||
- | Distance of posterior median eyes < diameter | |||||||
42 (41) |
Body length larger or equal 2.5 mm | |||||||
- | Body length < 2.0 mm | |||||||
43 (42) |
Embolus long and spirally twisted; epigyne posteriorly with broad plate | |||||||
- | Embolus short and straight; epigyne with distinct groove | |||||||
44 (41) |
Male pedipalp with very small tibial apophysis; median epigynal part small and triangular | |||||||
- | Male pedipalp with large, mostly bent apophysis; median epigynal part elongated beyond epigastric furrow | |||||||
45 (38) |
Margin of prosoma and anterior side of chelicerae with robust teeth | |||||||
- | Margin of prosoma different | |||||||
46 (45) |
Distance between posterior median eyes > diameter | |||||||
- | Distance between posterior median eyes ≤ diameter | |||||||
47 (46) |
Distance between posterior median eyes > 2 diameters | |||||||
- | Distance between posterior median eyes a bit more than its diameter | |||||||
48 (46) |
Male pedipalp with 2 short tibial apophysis; Epigyne with transverse oval receptaculum seminis, visible through epigyne, taking up almost whole width of epigyne | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
49 (48) |
Short embolus forming a loop next to distal parts of bulbus; epigyne width larger or equal its length | |||||||
- | Embolus different; epigyne width < length | |||||||
50 (49) |
Prosoma posterior to eye region distinctly elevated but without lateral depressions | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
51 (50) |
Male metatarsus I strongly thickened; female prosoma anteriorly with distinct elevation; epigyne as fig. | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
52 (51) |
Male prosoma with bird-head-like process or forwardly protruding cephalic lobe with large lateral depressions; epigynal plate trapezoid | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
53 (52) |
Embolus very short and bent; tibial apophysis large, bent, broadly truncated; median epigynal part triangular posteriorly, tapering into a narrow stalk anteriorly | |||||||
- | Embolus longer and twisted; tibial apophysis smaller; epigyne different | |||||||
54 (37) |
Tibia I-II with 2 bristles, tibia III-IV with one bristle | |||||||
- | All tibiae with one bristle | |||||||
55 (54) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at < 0.4 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at ≥ 0.4 | |||||||
56 (55) |
Prosoma and sternum with numerous impressed dots | |||||||
- | Prosoma and sternum without impressed dots | |||||||
57 (56) |
Embolus long and band-shaped; epigyne with large groove, anteriorly bipartite or with chitinous wall | |||||||
- | Embolus shorter; epigyne different | |||||||
58 (57) |
Male prosoma with lateral depressions; vulva with short, bent entrance ducts | |||||||
- | Male prosoma without lateral depressions; entrance ducts very long and spirally twisted | |||||||
59 (57) |
Embolus very short; epigyne as fig. | |||||||
- | Embolus longer, slightly bent or twisted; epigynal plate reaching beyond epigastric furrow | |||||||
60 (59) |
Male pedipalp without distinctly marked off tibial apophysis; epigyne as fig. | |||||||
- | Male pedipalp different; epigyne different | |||||||
61 (55) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at approx. 0.4 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at > 0.45 | |||||||
62 (61) |
Male prosoma laterally with a tuft of hairs on each side | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
63 (62) |
Embolus very long, spirally twisted; epigyne slit-like | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
64 (63) |
Distance between posterior median eyes > 2 diameters | |||||||
- | Distance between posterior median eyes ± diameter | |||||||
65 (63) |
Male pedipalp with very small tibial apophysis; embolus relatively long; epigyne simple, reaching beyond epigastric furrow | |||||||
- | Male pedipalp different; tibial apophysis large; embolus short and robust; epigyne complex, not reaching beyond epigastric furrow | |||||||
66 (61) |
Sternum with impressed dots | |||||||
- | Sternum smooth | |||||||
67 (66) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at ≥ 0.55; male prosoma posterior to eyes with deep depression; epigyne as fig. | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at < 0.55; male prosoma and epigyne different | |||||||
68 (67) |
Male prosoma tower-like elevated in the area of anterior median eyes | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
69 (68) |
Basal bristle on tibia IV at < 0.15 | |||||||
- | Basal bristle on tibia IV at ≥ 0.3 | |||||||
70 (54) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at < 0.5 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at > 0.5 | |||||||
71 (70) |
Sternum with impressed dots | |||||||
- | Sternum smooth | |||||||
72 (71) |
Bristle on tibia I at 0.2; cymbium with short row of bristles; embolus very long; epigyne with ± transverse oval plate | |||||||
- | Bristle on tibia I at 0.1; cymbium different; embolus shorter; epigyne different | |||||||
73 (71) |
Tibia dark; male pedipalp with 2 short and one very long, sickle-shaped tibial apophysis; epigyne with distinct median epigynal plate, not strongly protruding towards posterior end | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
74 (73) |
Eyes of normal size; distance between posterior median eyes = diameter | |||||||
- | Eyes very small; distance between posterior median eyes > 3 diameters | |||||||
75 (74) |
Bristle on tibia IV > diameter of tibia; male prosoma elevated and with lateral depression; epigyne reaching beyond epigastric furrow | |||||||
- | Bristle on tibia IV < diameter of tibia; male prosoma different; epigyne not reaching beyond epigastric furrow | |||||||
76 (70) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at 0.5-0.65 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at > 0.7 | |||||||
77 (76) |
Clypeus nose-like protruding, in females less pronounced; epigyne with strongly sclerotised, triangular plate | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
78 (77) |
Prosoma dorsally with radial rows of impressed dots; opisthosoma with dorsal scuticula (in females often missing) | |||||||
- | Prosoma without impressed dots | |||||||
79 (78) |
Male pedipalp with broad, band-shaped embolus; median epigynal part distinctly divided into anterior and posterior plate; receptaculum seminis at each side of posterior plate |
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- | Different | |||||||
80 (79) |
Male head region elevated; anterior epigynal margin with small pocket | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
81 (80) |
Median epigynal part wider than long; male pedipalp with long apophysis | |||||||
- | Eyes large; distance between posterior median eyes ≤ 2 diameters; male pedipalp with short tibial apophysis; length of median epigynal part ≥ its width | |||||||
82 (81) |
Male pedipalp and epigyne as fig. | |||||||
- | Male pedipalp as fig.; posterior epigynal margin with 2 sclerotised arcs | |||||||
83 (81) |
Embolus very long and thin; anterior epigynal margin indented | |||||||
- | Embolus short and thick; epigyne different | |||||||
84 (76) |
Legs and prosoma dark orange; body length > 2 mm | |||||||
- | Legs and prosoma different in colour; body length < 2 mm | |||||||
85 (1) |
Tibia I with one or several lateral bristles | |||||||
- | Tibia I without lateral bristles | |||||||
86 (85) |
Legs long and thin; femur I and IV mostly > prosoma; length of tibia I = 10 diameters | |||||||
- | Legs shorter and stouter; femur I and IV < prosoma; length of tibia I at most 7 diameters | |||||||
87 (86) |
Anterior cheliceral furrow margin with 5-6 long, robust denticles | |||||||
- | Anterior cheliceral furrow margin with 4 small denticles at most | |||||||
88 (87) |
Anterior side of chelicera with 3-4 robust bristles | |||||||
- | Anterior side of chelicera without bristles | |||||||
89 (88) |
Clypeus not higher than diameter of anterior median eyes; anterior cheliceral furrow margin with 3 long and 2 shorter denticles | |||||||
- | Clypeus higher than diameter of anterior median eyes; anterior cheliceral furrow margin with 5 equally long, robust denticles; opisthosoma bulged | |||||||
90 (87) |
Metatarsus without bristles | |||||||
- | At least metatarsus I with dorsal bristle | |||||||
91 (90) |
Male pedipalp considerably longer than wide; epigyne with very long scapus | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
92 (91) |
Femur I-II with dorsal spines; femur III and IV without spines | |||||||
- | Spines on femora different or femur without dorsal spines | |||||||
93 (90) |
Distance between posterior median eyes and posterior lateral eyes < 0.5 diameter of posterior median eyes | |||||||
- | Distance between posterior median eyes and posterior lateral eyes > 0.5 diameter of posterior median eyes | |||||||
94 (93) |
Legs with small, sharply margined spots; femur ventrally spotted with black (not annulated); prosoma with broad, black Y-shaped pattern | |||||||
- | Legs with different pattern; femur ventrally without black spots; Y-like pattern on prosoma indistinct or missing | |||||||
95 (94) |
Opisthosoma ventrally with sharply margined white spots anterior to spinnerets | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
96 (95) |
Distance between anterior median eyes ≥ diameter; opisthosoma with grey markings | |||||||
- | Distance between anterior median eyes < diameter; opisthosoma different | |||||||
97 (96) |
Paracymbium complex; epigyne complex, reaching beyond epigastric furrow and / or folded scapus | |||||||
- | Paracymbium simple; epigyne simple; scapus not folded or missing | |||||||
98 (97) |
Male pedipalp with long embolus; terminal part hair-like; epigyne very small or covered or distinctly divided into two parts by median septum | |||||||
- | Embolus short, terminal part not hair-like; epigyne with a large, undivided depression | |||||||
99 (98) |
Terminal part of embolus covered by a membrane; epigyne with a large, bipartite groove | |||||||
- | Embolus almost entirely visible, epigynal groove very small, triangular or covered | |||||||
100 (99) |
The posterior median eyes with broad, black rings; femur with spines; male opisthosoma dorsally on 1/5 of its length with bright white spots; tip of embolus a long, free loop; paracymbium small; epigynal groove very small, triangular with very small scapus or with 2 small epigynal grooves, separated by a short, broad scapus | |||||||
- | The posterior median eyes with narrow, black rings; femur without spines; embolus not a long, free loop; paracymbium as long as wide; epigynal area swollen, with slit-like openings | |||||||
101 (97) |
Head region in males and females forwardly elongated, bristled | |||||||
- | Head region different | |||||||
102 (101) |
Femur I with dorsal bristles | |||||||
- | Femur I without dorsal bristles | |||||||
103 (102) |
Gnathocoxae longer than width of its base | |||||||
- | Gnathocoxae as long as wide | |||||||
104 (102) |
Embolus very short; scapus folded (Additional remark: compare also Troglohyphantes lucifugus) |
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- | Embolus long scapus not folded; epigyne reaching beyond epigastric furrow | |||||||
105 (104) |
Tibia IV distally with bristle; opisthosoma without spots | |||||||
- | Tibia IV distally without bristles; opisthosoma with dark spots (maybe indistinct) | |||||||
106 (86) |
Metatarsus IV with trichobothria | |||||||
- | Metatarsus IV without trichobothria | |||||||
107 (106) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at 0.55 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at > 0.55 | |||||||
108 (107) |
Distance between posterior eyes < diameter; length of basal bristle on tibia IV = 1.5 diameter of tibia I | |||||||
- | Distance between posterior eyes > diameter; length of basal bristle on tibia IV greater or equal 2 diameters of tibia I | |||||||
109 (106) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at 0.25 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at ≥ 0.3 | |||||||
110 (109) |
Coxae IV separated by more than their diameter; cymbium of male pedipalp with square-edged protrusions; epigyne at most 1.5x as wide as long; epigynal median plate with parallel sides | |||||||
- | Coxae IV separated by less than their diameter; male pedipalp different; epigyne approx. twice as wide as long Meioneta |
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111 (109) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at 0.3-0.4 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at ≥ 0.5 | |||||||
112 (111) |
Tibia I laterally anteriorly and posteriorly with bristle | |||||||
- | Tibia I only laterally anteriorly with bristle | |||||||
113 (112) |
Male pedipalp with ± square paracymbium and distinct, small embolus; epigyne simple and without scapus | |||||||
- | Male pedipalp different; epigyne with scapus | |||||||
- | Male pedipalp different; epigyne with scapus | |||||||
114 (85) |
Length of femur I ± length of prosoma; length of metatarsus I = length of tibia I; opisthosoma with striking black and white pattern | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
115 (114) |
Metatarsus IV with trichobothria | |||||||
- | Metatarsus IV without trichobothria | |||||||
116 (115) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at < 0.7 | |||||||
- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at > 0.7 | |||||||
117 (116) |
Dorsal line of prosoma posterior to eyes deeply depressed; length of basal bristle on tibia I = diameter of tibia I | |||||||
- | Dorsal line straight; basal bristle on tibia I longer | |||||||
118 (117) |
Basal bristle on tibia I approx. 1.5 diameter of tibia I; male pedipalp with long tibial apophysis; epigyne as fig. | |||||||
- | Basal bristle on tibia I longer or equal 2 diameter of tibia I; tibial apophysis of male pedipalp different or missing; epigyne different | |||||||
119 (118) |
Diameter of posterior median eyes > diameter of posterior lateral eyes; male pedipalp without tibial apophysis; epigyne as fig. | |||||||
- | Diameter of posterior median eyes = diameter of posterior lateral eyes; male pedipalp with small tibial apophysis; epigyne different | |||||||
120 (116) |
Body length smaller or equal 2.5 mm; trichobothria of metatarsi mostly bent or angled | |||||||
- | Body length > 3.5 mm; trichobothria of metatarsi always straight | |||||||
121 (120) |
Colouration light; opisthosoma with dark pattern (maybe indistinct); diameter of anterior lateral eyes = diameter of anterior median eyes | |||||||
- | Colouration dark; opisthosoma unicoloured; diameter of anterior lateral eyes = 2 diameter of anterior median eyes | |||||||
122 (115) |
Striking yellowish red colouration; around spinnerets black; male pedipalp and epigyne as fig. | |||||||
- | Different | |||||||
123 (122) |
Metatarsus I-III with dorsal bristle | |||||||
- | Metatarsus I-III without dorsal bristle | |||||||
124 (123) |
Posterior eyes very large, touching each other; tarsus with dorsal bristle Meioneta |
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- | Posterior eyes small, distinctly separated; tarsus without bristle | |||||||
125 (123) |
Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at 0.25 Meioneta |
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- | Trichobothrium on metatarsus I at 0.35-0.5 | |||||||
126 (125) |
Body length > 2.5 mm; length of tarsus I < length of metatarsus I | |||||||
- | Body length < 1.6 mm; length of tarsus I = length of metatarsus I |