Gnaphosidae: Scotophaeus Simon, 1893

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1
 Males

  2  
- Females

  4  
2
(1)

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 Tibial apophysis < tibia; embolus short and straight

Scotophaeus blackwalli (Thorell, 1871)

female
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Brændegaard 1966)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Platnick & Shadab 1977)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Platnick & Shadab 1977)
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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Roberts 1995)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Locket & Millidge 1951)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Brændegaard 1966)
- Tibial apophysis greater or equal tibia; embolus long and whip-like

  3  
3
(2)

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 Tibial apophysis ± uniformly tapering off towards the tip male bulbus as fig.

Scotophaeus quadripunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

female
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Brændegaard 1966)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Platnick & Shadab 1977)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Platnick & Shadab 1977)
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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Roberts 1995)
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 Tibial apophysis with distinct tip; male bulbus as fig.

Scotophaeus scutulatus (L. Koch, 1866)

female
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male Pedipalp
(Brændegaard 1966)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Noordam 1992)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Miller 1971)
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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Noordam 1992)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Roberts 1995)
4
(1)

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 Epigynal groove with lateral indentation

Scotophaeus blackwalli (Thorell, 1871)

male
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female Epigyne
(Brændegaard 1966)

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female Epigyne
(Platnick & Shadab 1977)

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female Epigyne
(Roberts 1995)
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female Epigyne
(Locket & Millidge 1951)

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female Vulva
(Platnick & Shadab 1977)

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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Tullgren 1946)
- Different

  5  
5
(4)

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 Epigynal groove roundish, somewhat wider than long

Scotophaeus quadripunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

male
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female Epigyne
(Brændegaard 1966)

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female Epigyne
(Platnick & Shadab 1977)

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female Epigyne
(Roberts 1995)
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female Vulva
(Platnick & Shadab 1977)

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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Tullgren 1946)
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 Epigynal groove ± quadrangular, distinctly longer than wide

Scotophaeus scutulatus (L. Koch, 1866)

male
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female Epigyne
(Noordam 1992)

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female Epigyne
(Roberts 1995)

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female Epigyne
(Brændegaard 1966)
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female Epigyne
(Chatzaki et al. 2002b)

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female Vulva
(Chatzaki et al. 2002b)

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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Tullgren 1946)

Further taxa

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1. Scotophaeus aculeatus Simon, 1914
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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Simon 1914)

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2. Scotophaeus blackwalli isabellinus (Simon, 1873)
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Lessert 1904)

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3. Scotophaeus blackwalli politus (Simon, 1878)
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female Habitus, dorsal view
(Simon 1878)

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4. Scotophaeus brolemanni Simon, 1914
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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Simon 1914)

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5. Scotophaeus dolanskyi Lissner, 2017
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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Lissner 2017a)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Lissner 2017a)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Barrientos et al. 2022)
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Barrientos et al. 2022)

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male Tip of tibial apophysis, retrolateral view
(Lissner 2017a)

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male Tibial apophysis, dorsal view
(Lissner 2017a)
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male Maxillae and labium, ventral view
(Lissner 2017a)

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male Chelicera, posterior view
(Lissner 2017a)

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female Epigyne
(Barrientos et al. 2022)
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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Barrientos et al. 2022)

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6. Scotophaeus fabrisae Caporiacco, 1950
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female Epigyne
(Caporiacco 1950a)

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7. Scotophaeus gridellii Caporiacco, 1928
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-- Caption missing --
(WSC 2025)

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8. Scotophaeus insularis Berland, 1936
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Berland 1936)

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male Tibial apophysis, retrolateral view
(Berland 1936)

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male Eyes, dorsal view
(Berland 1936)
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female Epigyne
(Schmidt et al. 1994)

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9. Scotophaeus mauckneri Schmidt, 1956
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female Epigyne
(Schmidt 1956c)

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10. Scotophaeus microdon Caporiacco, 1933
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female Epigyne
(Caporiacco 1933)

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11. Scotophaeus musculus (Simon, 1878)
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male Tibial apophysis
(Simon 1914)

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female Epigyne
(Simon 1914)

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12. Scotophaeus nanoides Wunderlich, 2011
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Wunderlich 2011a)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Wunderlich 2011a)

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male Pedipalp, dorsal view
(Lecigne 2017)
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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Lecigne 2017)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Lecigne 2017)

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male Prosoma, dorsal view
(Wunderlich 2011a)
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male Metatarsus III, ventral view
(Wunderlich 2011a)

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female Epigyne
(Wunderlich 2023)

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female Epigyne
(Méndez et al. 2024)
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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Méndez et al. 2024)

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13. Scotophaeus nanus Wunderlich, 1995
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Wunderlich 1995i)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Wunderlich 1995i)

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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Wunderlich 1995i)
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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Wunderlich 1995i)

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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Wunderlich 1995i)

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14. Scotophaeus peninsularis Roewer, 1928
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Bosmans et al. 2013)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Bosmans et al. 2013)

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female Epigyne
(Chatzaki et al. 2002b)
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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Bosmans et al. 2013)

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female Vulva
(Chatzaki et al. 2002b)

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female Vulva, ventral view
(Bosmans et al. 2013)

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15. Scotophaeus pregoensis Wunderlich, 2023
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female Epigyne
(Wunderlich 2023)

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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Wunderlich 2023)

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16. Scotophaeus retusus (Simon, 1878)
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-- Caption missing --
(WSC 2025)

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17. Scotophaeus validus (Lucas, 1846)
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Simon 1914)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Wunderlich 2017)

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male Palpal tibia, retrolateral view
(Wunderlich 2017)
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male Tibial apophysis
(Simon 1914)

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female Epigyne
(L. Koch 1866)

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female Epigyne
(Simon 1914)
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female Epigyne
(Lissner 2017a)

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female Epigyne
(Lissner 2017a)

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female Vulva
(Lissner 2017a)
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female Vulva
(Lissner 2017a)

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18. Scotophaeus westringi Simon, 1914
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male Palpal tibia
(Simon 1914)

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female Epigyne
(Simon 1914)