Eresus kollari Rossi, 1846
Description
Conductor distally short and blunt, distal furrow shallow. Vulva anteriorly broad, entrance ducts strongly lobed. Body jumping-spider-like, males contrastingly coloured. Prosoma black, female: black, head region mostly provided with yellow hairs. Male: black. Legs short and robust. Female: black, provided with bluish light grey hairs. Male: black or reddish, annulated with white, III and IV with red hairs. Opisthosoma female: appears velvety black due to shiny hairs. Male: dorsally shiny red with 2 pairs of large and one pair of small, black spots (often margined white), laterally and ventrally black.
Body length male: 8-11 mmBody length female: 9-16 mm
Additional information
in colonies in burrows of up to 10 cm depth (1 cm diameter), covered by small shield- or funnel-like web. Female carries lens-shaped cocoon (8-10 mm diameter, approximately 65-100 eggs) to sunny places during the day. Hatching juveniles stay in the female's burrow and feed on her after her death.
This species can bite humans. A bite into a finger caused pain, spreading to the axilla, with fever-like symptoms and an increased heart rate. After one hour the patient had partially recovered and after 2 hours the symptoms had alleviated, but a strong headache lasted for one day and the finger remained sensitive for several days.
Frequency: Rare
Distribution
Phenology
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
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Figures
Pedipalp
(Brændegaard 1966)
Pedipalp
(Wiehle 1953)
Pedipalp
(Loksa 1969)
Pedipalp, ventral view
(Ratschker & Bellmann 1995)
Pedipalp
(Azheganova 1968)
Pedipalp
(Heimer & Nentwig 1991)
Pedipalp
(Locket & Millidge 1951)
Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Zamani et al. 2020b)
Conductor
(Roberts 1998)
Prosoma, frontal view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Prosoma, dorsal view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Prosoma, lateral view
(Řezáč et al. 2008a)
Habitus
(Loksa 1969)
Habitus, dorsal view
(Řezáč et al. 2008a)
Habitus, lateral view
(Zamani et al. 2020b)
Epigyne
(Brændegaard 1966)
Epigyne
(Wiehle 1953)
Epigyne
(Loksa 1969)
Epigyne
(Locket & Millidge 1951)
Epigyne, ventral view
(Řezáč et al. 2008a)
Vulva
(Roberts 1998)
Vulva
(Ratschker & Bellmann 1995)
Vulva
(Wiehle 1953)
Vulva, dorsal view
(Řezáč et al. 2008a)
Prosoma, frontal view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Prosoma, dorsal view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Prosoma, dorsal view
(Loksa 1969)
Spinnerets
(Loksa 1969)
Spinnerets
(Locket & Millidge 1951)
Spinnerets and cribellum, ventral view
(Heimer & Nentwig 1991)
Distribution List
References
Azheganova N S (1968) Kratkii opredelitel' paukov (Aranei) lesnoi i lesostepnoi zony SSSR. Akademia Nauk SSSR, 149pp. 
Biteniekyte M, Relys V (2012) The checklist of Lithuanian spiders (Arachnida: Araneae). Biologija 57: 148-158
Blagoev G, Deltshev C, Lazarov S, Naumova M (2018) The spiders (Araneae) of Bulgaria. Version: August 2018. National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Online at http://www.nmnhs.com/spiders-bulgaria/ (accessed on 10.9.2018)
Bosmans R. (unpubl.) Provisional list of spiders of North Africa. Database excerpt Aug. 2019
Branco V V, Morano E, Cardoso P (2019) An update to the Iberian spider checklist (Araneae). [N.B.: few records from this paper are not taken over and not commented] Zootaxa 4614: 201-254
Brændegaard J (1966) Edderkopper: Eller Spindlere I Danmarks Fauna 72: 1-224
Danışman T, Kunt K B, Özkütük R S (2019) The checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Version 2019 [last updated 1 June 2019], online at http://www.spidersofturkey.info
Heimer S, Nentwig W (1991) Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Paul Parey Berlin
Kostanjšek R, Kuntner M (2015) Araneae Sloveniae: a national spider species checklist. ZooKeys 474: 1-91
Locket G H, Millidge A F (1951) British spiders. Vol. I. Ray Society, London, 310 pp.
Loksa I (1969) Pokok I-Araneae I. Fauna Hungariae 97: 1-133
Miller J A, Griswold C E, Scharff N, Řezáč M, Szűts T, Marhabaie M (2012) The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae). ZooKeys 195: 1-144
Nentwig W, Gnädinger M, Fuchs J, Ceschi A (2013) A two year study of verified spider bites in Switzerland and a review of the European spider bite literature. Toxicon 73: 104-110
Otto S (2020) Caucasian spiders. A faunistic database on the spiders of the Caucasus Ecoregion. Database version 03.2020. Internet: caucasus-spiders.info.
Pantini P, Isaia M (2019) Araneae.it: the online catalog of Italian spiders, with addenda on other arachnid orders occurring in Italy (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Palpigradi, Pseudoscorpionida, Scorpiones, Solifugae). http://araneae.it. Fragmenta Entomologica 51: 127-152
Polchaninova N, Prokopenko E (2019) An updated checklist of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Left-Bank Ukraine. Arachnologische Mitteilungen 57: 60-64 & App
Ratschker U M, Bellmann H (1995) Zur Bestimmung der mitteleuropäischen Arten der Gattung Eresus Walckenaer 1805 (Arachnida: Araneae: Eresidae). Beiträge zur Araneologie 4: 217-218
Řezáč M, Pekár S, Johannesen J (2008a) Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Central European Eresus species (Araneae: Eresidae). Zoologica Scripta 37: 263-287
Roberts M J (1998) Spinnengids. Tirion, Baarn, Netherlands, 397 pp.
Samu F, Szinetár C (1999) Bibliographic check list of the Hungarian spider fauna. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 11: 161-184
Wiehle H (1953) Spinnentiere oder Arachnoidea (Araneae), IX. Orthognatha-Cribellata-Haplogynae, Entelegynae (Pholcidae, Zodariidae, Oxyopidae, Mimetidae, Nesticidae). Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 42: 1-150
WSC (2021) World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch (03.01.2021) doi: 10.24436/2
Zamani A, Altin Ç, Szűts T (2020b) A black sheep in Eresus (Araneae: Eresidae): taxonomic notes on the ladybird spiders of Iran and Turkey, with a new species. Zootaxa 4851: 559-572