Eresus kollari Rossi, 1846
Description
Conductor distally short and blunt, distal furrow shallow. Vulva anteriorly broad, entrance ducts strongly lobed. Body jumping-spider-like, males contrastingly coloured. Prosoma black, female: black, head region mostly provided with yellow hairs. Male: black. Legs short and robust. Female: black, provided with bluish light grey hairs. Male: black or reddish, annulated with white, III and IV with red hairs. Opisthosoma female: appears velvety black due to shiny hairs. Male: dorsally shiny red with 2 pairs of large and one pair of small, black spots (often margined white), laterally and ventrally black.
Body length male: 8-11 mmBody length female: 9-16 mm
Additional information
in colonies in burrows of up to 10 cm depth (1 cm diameter), covered by small shield- or funnel-like web. Female carries lens-shaped cocoon (8-10 mm diameter, approximately 65-100 eggs) to sunny places during the day. Hatching juveniles stay in the female's burrow and feed on her after her death.
This species can bite humans. A bite into a finger caused pain, spreading to the axilla, with fever-like symptoms and an increased heart rate. After one hour the patient had partially recovered and after 2 hours the symptoms had alleviated, but a strong headache lasted for one day and the finger remained sensitive for several days.
Frequency: Rare
Distribution
Phenology
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
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Figures
Pedipalp
(Braendegaard 1966)
Pedipalp
(Wiehle 1953)
Pedipalp
(Loksa 1969)
Pedipalp, ventral view
(Ratschker & Bellmann 1995)
Pedipalp
(Azheganova 1968)
Pedipalp
(Heimer & Nentwig 1991)
Pedipalp
(Locket & Millidge 1951)
Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Conductor
(Roberts 1998)
Prosoma, frontal view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Prosoma, dorsal view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Prosoma, lateral view
(Rezáč et al. 2008a)
Habitus
(Loksa 1969)
Habitus, dorsal view
(Rezáč et al. 2008a)
Epigyne
(Braendegaard 1966)
Epigyne
(Wiehle 1953)
Epigyne
(Loksa 1969)
Epigyne
(Locket & Millidge 1951)
Epigyne, ventral view
(Rezáč et al. 2008a)
Vulva
(Roberts 1998)
Vulva
(Ratschker & Bellmann 1995)
Vulva
(Wiehle 1953)
Vulva, dorsal view
(Rezáč et al. 2008a)
Prosoma, frontal view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Prosoma, dorsal view
(Miller et al. 2012)
Prosoma, dorsal view
(Loksa 1969)
Spinnerets
(Loksa 1969)
Spinnerets
(Locket & Millidge 1951)
Spinnerets and cribellum, ventral view
(Heimer & Nentwig 1991)
References
Azheganova N S (1968) Kratkii opredelitel' paukov (Aranei) lesnoi i lesostepnoi zony SSSR. Akademia Nauk SSSR: 1-149
Biteniekyte M, Relys V (2012) The checklist of Lithuanian spiders (Arachnida: Araneae). Biologija 57: 148-158
Blagoev G, Deltshev C, Lazarov S, Naumova M (2018) The spiders (Araneae) of Bulgaria. Version: August 2018. National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Online at http://www.nmnhs.com/spiders-bulgaria/ (accessed on 10.9.2018)
Braendegaard J (1966) Edderkopper: Eller Spindlere I Danmarks Fauna 72: 1-224
Danışman T, Kunt K B, Özkütük R S (2019) The checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Version 2018 [last updated 1 January 2019], online at http://www.spidersofturkey.info
Heimer S, Nentwig W (1991) Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Paul Parey Berlin 
Helsdingen P J van (2010a) Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea Database (Version 2010.1), online at www.european-arachnology.org
Kostanjšek R, Kuntner M (2015) Araneae Sloveniae: a national spider species checklist. ZooKeys 474: 1-91
Locket G H, Millidge A F (1951) British Spiders 1. Ray Soc London
Loksa I (1969) Pokok I-Araneae I. Fauna Hungariae 97: 2.1-2.133
Miller J A, Griswold C E, Scharff N, Rezác M, Szüts T, Marhabaie M (2012) The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae). ZooKeys 195: 1-144
Nentwig W, Gnädinger M, Fuchs J, Ceschi A (2013) A two year study of verified spider bites in Switzerland and a review of the European spider bite literature. Toxicon 73: 104-110
Otto S (2017) Caucasian spiders. A faunistic database on the spiders of the Caucasus Ecoregion. Database version 08.2017. Internet: caucasus-spiders.info.
Pantini P, Isaia M (2018) Checklist of the Italian spiders (version June 2018). online at http://www.museoscienzebergamo.it/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=96&Itemid=94
Ratschker U M, Bellmann H (1995) Zur Bestimmung der mitteleuropäischen Arten der Gattung Eresus Walckenaer 1805 (Arachnida: Araneae: Eresidae). Beitr Araneol 4: 217-218
Rezác M, Pekár S, Johannesen J (2008a) Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of central European Eresus species (Araneae: Eresidae). Zoologica Scripta 37: 263-287
Roberts M J (1998) Spinnengids. Tirion Natuur Baarn, Netherlands
Wiehle H (1953) Spinnentiere oder Arachnoidea (Araneae), IX. Orthognatha-Cribellata-Haplogynae, Entelegynae (Pholcidae, Zodariidae, Oxyopidae, Mimetidae, Nesticidae). Tierwelt Deutschlands 42
World Spider Catalog (2019) World Spider Catalog, version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch (20.01.2019) doi: 10.24436/2