Gnaphosa lucifuga (Walckenaer, 1802)
Description
Male palp lighter than body colour. Embolus robust, runs along ± the whole inner side of cymbium. Epigyne with very broad scapus, touching bar-like protrusions of lateral epigynal margins. Prosoma dark red-brown to black-brown, eye region darker. Chelicerae darker than prosoma. Legs lighter than prosoma. Opisthosoma dark red-brown to black-brown.
Body length male: 10.5-14.9 mmBody length female: 12.1-18.7 mm
Additional information
in sunny dry meadows, rock steppes and heathland, under stones during the day
Distribution
Phenology
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
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Figures
Pedipalp (courtesy of the AMNH), ventral view
(Ovtsharenko et al. 1992)
Pedipalp (courtesy of the AMNH), ventral view
(Ovtsharenko et al. 1992)
Pedipalp (courtesy of the AMNH)
(Ovtsharenko et al. 1992)
Pedipalp
(Roberts 1998)
Pedipalp, ventral view
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Palpal tibia, retrolateral view
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Epigyne (courtesy of the AMNH)
(Ovtsharenko et al. 1992)
Epigyne
(Roberts 1998)
Epigyne
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Scape, ventral view
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Vulva (courtesy of the AMNH)
(Ovtsharenko et al. 1992)
Vulva, dorsal view
(Tullgren 1946)
Vulva, ventral view
(Tullgren 1946)
Vulva
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Distribution List
References
Blagoev G, Deltshev C, Lazarov S, Naumova M (2018) The spiders (Araneae) of Bulgaria. Version: August 2018. National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Online at http://www.nmnhs.com/spiders-bulgaria/ (accessed on 10.9.2018) 
Branco V V, Morano E, Cardoso P (2019) An update to the Iberian spider checklist (Araneae).
[N.B.: few records from this paper are not taken over and not commented] Zootaxa 4614: 201-254
Cera I (2018) The checklist of Latvian spiders (Arachnida: Araneae). Environmental and Experimental Biology 16: 139-152
Danışman T, Kunt K B, Özkütük R S (2019) The checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Version 2019 [last updated 1 June 2019], online at http://www.spidersofturkey.info
Deltshev C, Vrenozi B, Blagoev G, Lazarov S (2011b) Spiders of Albania – faunistic and zoogeographical review (Arachnida: Araneae). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 63: 125-144
Helsdingen P J van (2010a) Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea Database (Version 2010.1), online at www.european-arachnology.org
Ivanov V V (2013) The checklist of Belarusian spiders (Arachnida, Araneae). Zoology and Ecology 4: 293-311
Komnenov M (2010) Checklist of spiders (Araneae) of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Uzizaž i Biospeld 5(2009): 52-69
Kostanjšek R, Kuntner M (2015) Araneae Sloveniae: a national spider species checklist. ZooKeys 474: 1-91
Løvbrekke H (unpubl.)
Otto S (2020) Caucasian spiders. A faunistic database on the spiders of the Caucasus Ecoregion. Database version 03.2020. Internet: caucasus-spiders.info.
Ovtsharenko V I, Platnick N I, Song D X (1992) A review of the North Asian ground spiders of the genus Gnaphosa (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 212: 1-88
Pantini P, Isaia M (2019) Araneae.it: the online catalog of Italian spiders, with addenda on other arachnid orders occurring in Italy (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Palpigradi, Pseudoscorpionida, Scorpiones, Solifugae). http://araneae.it. Fragmenta Entomologica 51: 127-152
Polchaninova N, Prokopenko E (2019) An updated checklist of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Left-Bank Ukraine. Arachnologische Mitteilungen 57: 60-64 & App
Roberts M J (1998) Spinnengids. Tirion Natuur Baarn, Netherlands
Tullgren A (1946) Svensk spindelfauna. 3. Egentiliga spinddlar. Araneae Fam 5-7. Clubionidae, Zoridae och Gnaphosidae. Stockholm (Entomol Fören.): 141 pp.
World Spider Catalog (2020) World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch (20.03.2020) doi: 10.24436/2