Gnaphosa bicolor (Hahn, 1833)
Description
Palp female: yellow-orange, male: with short, stout spines on femur and tibia. Epigyne with striking transverse folds of epigynal groove. Prosoma dark red-brown to black-brown. Femur yellow-orange. Metatarsus and coxa yellow-orange. Opisthosoma dark red-brown to black-brown.
Body length male: 6.2-8.4 mmBody length female: 6.8-10 mm
Additional information
in hilly and mountainous terrain, in bright forests or rocky steppes, under stones during the day, in leaf litter layer, up to 1000 m
Distribution
Phenology
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
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Figures
Pedipalp (courtesy of the AMNH), ventral view
(Ovtsharenko et al. 1992)
Pedipalp (courtesy of the AMNH)
(Ovtsharenko et al. 1992)
Epigyne (courtesy of the AMNH)
(Ovtsharenko et al. 1992)
Epigyne
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Vulva (courtesy of the AMNH)
(Ovtsharenko et al. 1992)
Vulva, ventral view
(Tullgren 1946)
Vulva
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Habitus
(Tullgren 1946)
References
Blagoev G, Deltshev C, Lazarov S, Naumova M (2018) The spiders (Araneae) of Bulgaria. Version: August 2018. National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Online at http://www.nmnhs.com/spiders-bulgaria/ (accessed on 10.9.2018)
Cera I (2018) The checklist of Latvian spiders (Arachnida: Araneae). Environmental and Experimental Biology 16: 139-152 
Danışman T, Kunt K B, Özkütük R S (2019) The checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Version 2019 [last updated 1 June 2019], online at http://www.spidersofturkey.info
Helsdingen P J van (2010a) Araneae. In: Fauna Europaea Database (Version 2010.1), online at www.european-arachnology.org
Kostanjšek R, Kuntner M (2015) Araneae Sloveniae: a national spider species checklist. ZooKeys 474: 1-91
Løvbrekke H (unpubl.)
Naumova M, Hristovski S, Hristov G H (2016b) Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from Prespa National Park, Albania. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 68: 503-511
Otto S (2019) Caucasian spiders. A faunistic database on the spiders of the Caucasus Ecoregion. Database version 10.2019. Internet: caucasus-spiders.info.
Ovtsharenko V I, Platnick N I, Song D X (1992) A review of the North Asian ground spiders of the genus Gnaphosa (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 212: 1-88
Pantini P, Isaia M (2019) Araneae.it: the online Catalog of Italian spiders, with addenda on other Arachnid Orders occurring in Italy (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Palpigradi, Pseudoscorpionida, Scorpiones, Solifugae). http://araneae.it. Fragmenta Entomologica 51: 127-152
Polchaninova N, Prokopenko E (2019) An updated checklist of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Left-Bank Ukraine. Arachnologische Mitteilungen 57: 60-64 & App
Tullgren A (1946) Svensk spindelfauna. 3. Egentiliga spinddlar. Araneae Fam 5-7. Clubionidae, Zoridae och Gnaphosidae. pl. I - XXI Stockholm (Entomol Fören): 1-141
World Spider Catalog (2019) World Spider Catalog, version 20.5. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch (20.09.2019) doi: 10.24436/2