Miturgidae  Simon, 1886 / Zora  C. L. Koch, 1847   16 species

Zora parallela Simon, 1878

Description

Epigyne with small groove. Prosoma length 1.6-2.2 mm. Coxa IV male: with thin hairs. Opisthosoma dorsally with 3 distinctly dark, continuous longitudinal bands on bright ground.

Body length male: 3.1-3.7 mm
Body length female: 4.5-5.4 mm
Distribution
  Presence
  No data
Global distribution (WSC 2026): Europe, Russia (Europe, Caucasus, Far East)
Figures
Distribution List
Albania   (van Helsdingen & IJland, 2015) ||| Belgium   (Bosmans & Van Keer, 2017) ||| Bulgaria   (Blagoev et al., 2018; Naumova et al., 2017) ||| Czechia   (Růžička & Řezáč, 2022a) ||| Finland   (Koponen et al., 2016) ||| France   (Le Peru, 2007) ||| France / Corsica   (Le Peru, 2007) ||| Germany   (Blick et al., 2016) ||| Greece   (Schröder et al., 2011) ||| Greece / Crete   (Bosmans et al., 2013) ||| Hungary   (Szita et al., 2021) ||| Italy   (Isaia et al., 2025) ||| Netherlands   (van Helsdingen, 2025a) ||| North Macedonia   (Blagoev, 2002) ||| Portugal   (Branco et al., 2019) ||| Russia, Southern   (Ponomarev et al., 2024c) ||| Serbia   (Grbić et al., 2021) ||| Slovakia   (Svatoň et al., 2009) ||| Slovenia   (Gregorič & Kuntner, 2009) ||| Spain   (Branco et al., 2019; Crespo, 2008) ||| Sweden   (Kronestedt, 2001) ||| Switzerland   (Hänggi, 1999) ||| Ukraine   (Polchaninova & Prokopenko, 2019; Polchaninova & Prokopenko, 2013) |||
References

Almquist S (2007) Swedish Araneae, part 2 – families Dictynidae to Salticidae. Insect Systematics & Evolution, Supplement 63(2006): 285-601 pdf

Blagoev G (2002) Check list of Macedonian spiders (Araneae). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 54: 9-34 pdf

Blagoev G, Deltshev C, Lazarov S, Naumova M (2018) The spiders (Araneae) of Bulgaria. Version: August 2018. National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Online at http://www.nmnhs.com/spiders-bulgaria/ (accessed on 10.9.2018) pdf

Blick T, Finch O-D, Harms K H, Kiechle J, Kielhorn K-H , Kreuels M, Malten A, Martin D, Muster C, Nährig D, Platen R, Rödel I, Scheidler M, Staudt A, Stumpf H, Tolke D (2016) Rote Liste und Gesamtartenliste der Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae) Deutschlands. 3. Fassung, Stand April 2008, einzelne Änderungen und Nachträge bis August 2015. Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 70/4: 383-510 pdf

Bosmans R, Van Keer J, Russell-Smith A, Kronestedt T, Alderweireldt M, Bosselaers J, De Koninck H (2013) Spiders of Crete (Araneae). A catalogue of all currently known species from the Greek island of Crete. Nieuwsbrief van de Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging 28 (Suppl. 1): 1-147 pdf

Bosmans R, Van Keer K (2017) Een herziene soortenlijst van de Belgische spinnen (Araneae). Nieuwsbrief van de Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging 32: 39-69 pdf

Branco V V, Morano E, Cardoso P (2019) An update to the Iberian spider checklist (Araneae). Zootaxa 4614: 201-254 pdf

Crespo L (2008) Contribution to the knowledge of the Portuguese spider (Arachnida: Araneae) fauna: seven new additions to the Portuguese checklist. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 43: 403-407 pdf

Denis J (1966c) Eléments d'une faune arachnologique de Vendées (4e note). Bulletin de la Société Scientifique de Bretagne 40: 177-186 pdf

Grbić G, Hänggi A, Krnjajić S (2021) Spiders (Araneae) of Subotica Sandland (Serbia): additional arguments in environmental protection. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 67: 15-61 pdf

Gregorič M, Kuntner M (2009) Epigean spider diversity in the classical karst. Hacquetia 8: 67-78 pdf

Hänggi A (1999) Nachträge zum "Katalog der schweizerischen Spinnen" - 2. Neunachweise von 1993 bis 1999 Archnologische Mitteilungen 18: 17-37 pdf

Heimer S, Nentwig W (1991) Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Paul Parey Berlin pdf

Helsdingen P J van (2025a) Catalogus van de Nederlandse spinnen. Versie 2025.1. 249 pp. pdf

Helsdingen P J van, IJland S (2015) A quick scan of the spider fauna in the surroundings of Përmet, Albania (Arachnida, Araneae) - preliminary report. Nieuwsbrief SPINED 35: 15-33 pdf

Iorio E (2017) Inventaire des araignées et opilions de la Réserve Naturelle Régionale de la Pointe Saint-Gildas à Préfailles (Loire-Atlantique) (Arachnida). Invertébrés Armoricains 17: 45-61 pdf

Isaia M, Tolve M, Pantini P (2025) Araneae.it: 2.0: the new updated version of the digital catalog of the Italian spiders and other arachnids (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones, Palpigradi, Solifugae). Fragmenta Entomologica 57: 197-204 pdf

Koponen S, Fritzén N R, Pajunen T (2016) Checklist of spiders in Finland (Araneae). 6th version, December 2016, online at http://biolcoll.utu.fi/arach/checklist_of_spiders_in_Finland.htm pdf

Kronestedt T (2001) Checklist of Spiders (Araneae) in Sweden [Preliminary version February 2001] pdf

Le Peru B (2007) Catalogue et répartition des araignées de France. Revue Arachnologique 16: 1-468 pdf

Løvbrekke H (unpubl.)

Naumova M V, Blagoev G, Dimitrov D, Lazarov S, Deltshev C (2017) New data on the spider fauna (Arachnida: Araneae) of Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 69: 477-481 pdf

Polchaninova N Y, Prokopenko E V (2013) Catalogue of the spiders (Arachnida, Aranei) of Left-Bank Ukraine. Arthropoda Selecta (Suppl.) 2: 1-268 pdf

Polchaninova N, Prokopenko E (2019) An updated checklist of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Left-Bank Ukraine. Arachnologische Mitteilungen 57: 60-64 & App pdf

Ponomarev A V, Mikhailov K G, Shmatko V Y (2024c) Review of the spider genus Zora C.L. Koch, 1847 (Aranei: Miturgidae) of Ciscaucasia and the Russian Caucasus. New data on the fauna and distribution, with material from neighbouring regions. Arthropoda Selecta 33: 589-607 pdf

Pozzi S, Hänggi A (1998) Araignées nouvelles ou peu connues de la Suisse (Arachnida: Araneae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 71: 33-47 pdf

Roberts M J (1998) Spinnengids. Tirion, Baarn, Netherlands, 397 pp. pdf

Růžička V, Řezáč M (2022a) Seznam pavouků České republiky. List of spiders of the Czech Republic. Online at https://www.arachnology.cz/seznam-pavouku-cr-26.html and https://www.arachnology.cz/en/seznam-pavouku-cr-26.html pdf

Schröder M, Chatzaki M, Buchholz S (2011) The spider fauna of the Aladjagiola wetland complex (Nestos Delta, north-east Greece): a reflection of a unique zoogeographical transition zone in Europe. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 102: 217-233 pdf

Svatoň J, Gajdoš P, Černecká L, Franc V, Korenko S, Kovalčík R, Krumpálová Z (2009) Pavúky – Araneae. In: Mašán P, Mihál I (eds.), Pavúkovce Cerovej Vrchoviny. Arachnids of the Cerová Vrchovina Highland (Arachnida: Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, Acari), Institute of Forest Ecology, Zvolen: 21-123 pdf

Szita É, Kovács P, Szinetár C (2021) Arachnofaunistical studies in Csákányospuszta and surroundings (Tatabánya, Komárom-Esztergom county, Hungary). Natura Somogyiensis 36: 57-66 pdf

Urones C (2005) El género Zora C.L. Koch, 1847 (Arachnida, Araneae, Zoridae) en la Península Ibérica. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 11: 7-22 pdf

WSC (2026) World Spider Catalog. Version 27. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch (13.2.2026) doi: 10.24436/2 pdf

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