Zora parallela Simon, 1878
Description
Epigyne with small groove. Prosoma length 1.6-2.2 mm. Coxa IV male: with thin hairs. Opisthosoma dorsally with 3 distinctly dark, continuous longitudinal bands on bright ground.
Body length male: 3.1-3.7 mmBody length female: 4.5-5.4 mm
Distribution
Figures
Pedipalp, ventral view
(Pozzi & Hänggi 1998)
Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Denis 1966c)
Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Roberts 1998)
Pedipalp, ventral view
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Urones 2005)
Pedipalp, ventral view
(Urones 2005)
Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Ponomarev et al. 2024c)
Pedipalp, ventral view
(Ponomarev et al. 2024c)
Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Almquist 2007)
Pedipalp, ventral view
(Almquist 2007)
Tip of bulbus
(Denis 1966c)
Retinaculum
(Heimer & Nentwig 1991)
Tip of tibial apophysis, dorsal view
(Urones 2005)
Tip of tibial apophysis, retrolateral view
(Urones 2005)
Palpal tibia, retrolateral view
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Tibial apophysis
(Denis 1966c)
Tibial apophysis
(Heimer & Nentwig 1991)
Prosoma, dorsal view
(Urones 2005)
Femur and patella I, prolateral view
(Urones 2005)
Opisthosoma, dorsal view
(Urones 2005)
Habitus, dorsal view
(Ponomarev et al. 2024c)
Habitus, dorsal view
(Almquist 2007)
Epigyne
(Denis 1966c)
Epigyne
(Pozzi & Hänggi 1998)
Epigyne
(Roberts 1998)
Epigyne
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Epigyne
(Heimer & Nentwig 1991)
Epigyne
(Ponomarev et al. 2024c)
Epigyne
(Almquist 2007)
Vulva
(Pozzi & Hänggi 1998)
Vulva, dorsal view
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Vulva, ventral view
(Løvbrekke unpubl.)
Vulva, dorsal view
(Almquist 2007)
Opisthosoma, dorsal view
(Heimer & Nentwig 1991)
Habitus, dorsal view
(Iorio 2017)
Distribution List
"No references" does not mean that the species does not occur in this country, but that we have not yet inserted the reference for it. We are working on it.
References
Almquist S (2007) Swedish Araneae, part 2 – families Dictynidae to Salticidae. Insect Systematics & Evolution, Supplement 63(2006): 285-601 
Blagoev G (2002) Check list of Macedonian spiders (Araneae). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 54: 9-34
Blagoev G, Deltshev C, Lazarov S, Naumova M (2018) The spiders (Araneae) of Bulgaria. Version: August 2018. National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Online at http://www.nmnhs.com/spiders-bulgaria/ (accessed on 10.9.2018)
Blick T, Finch O-D, Harms K H, Kiechle J, Kielhorn K-H , Kreuels M, Malten A, Martin D, Muster C, Nährig D, Platen R, Rödel I, Scheidler M, Staudt A, Stumpf H, Tolke D (2016) Rote Liste und Gesamtartenliste der Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae) Deutschlands. 3. Fassung, Stand April 2008, einzelne Änderungen und Nachträge bis August 2015. Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 70/4: 383-510
Bosmans R, Van Keer J, Russell-Smith A, Kronestedt T, Alderweireldt M, Bosselaers J, De Koninck H (2013) Spiders of Crete (Araneae). A catalogue of all currently known species from the Greek island of Crete. Nieuwsbrief van de Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging 28 (Suppl. 1): 1-147
Bosmans R, Van Keer K (2017) Een herziene soortenlijst van de Belgische spinnen (Araneae). Nieuwsbrief van de Belgische Arachnologische Vereniging 32: 39-69
Branco V V, Morano E, Cardoso P (2019) An update to the Iberian spider checklist (Araneae). Zootaxa 4614: 201-254
Crespo L (2008) Contribution to the knowledge of the Portuguese spider (Arachnida: Araneae) fauna: seven new additions to the Portuguese checklist. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 43: 403-407
Denis J (1966c) Eléments d'une faune arachnologique de Vendées (4e note). Bulletin de la Société Scientifique de Bretagne 40: 177-186
Grbić G, Hänggi A, Krnjajić S (2021) Spiders (Araneae) of Subotica Sandland (Serbia): additional arguments in environmental protection. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 67: 15-61
Gregorič M, Kuntner M (2009) Epigean spider diversity in the classical karst. Hacquetia 8: 67-78
Hänggi A (1999) Nachträge zum "Katalog der schweizerischen Spinnen" - 2. Neunachweise von 1993 bis 1999 Archnologische Mitteilungen 18: 17-37
Heimer S, Nentwig W (1991) Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Paul Parey Berlin
Helsdingen P J van (2025a) Catalogus van de Nederlandse spinnen. Versie 2025.1. 249 pp.
Helsdingen P J van, IJland S (2015) A quick scan of the spider fauna in the surroundings of Përmet, Albania (Arachnida, Araneae) - preliminary report. Nieuwsbrief SPINED 35: 15-33
Iorio E (2017) Inventaire des araignées et opilions de la Réserve Naturelle Régionale de la Pointe Saint-Gildas à Préfailles (Loire-Atlantique) (Arachnida). Invertébrés Armoricains 17: 45-61
Isaia M, Tolve M, Pantini P (2025) Araneae.it: 2.0: the new updated version of the digital catalog of the Italian spiders and other arachnids (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones, Palpigradi, Solifugae). Fragmenta Entomologica 57: 197-204
Koponen S, Fritzén N R, Pajunen T (2016) Checklist of spiders in Finland (Araneae). 6th version, December 2016, online at http://biolcoll.utu.fi/arach/checklist_of_spiders_in_Finland.htm
Kronestedt T (2001) Checklist of Spiders (Araneae) in Sweden [Preliminary version February 2001]
Le Peru B (2007) Catalogue et répartition des araignées de France. Revue Arachnologique 16: 1-468
Løvbrekke H (unpubl.)
Naumova M V, Blagoev G, Dimitrov D, Lazarov S, Deltshev C (2017) New data on the spider fauna (Arachnida: Araneae) of Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 69: 477-481
Polchaninova N Y, Prokopenko E V (2013) Catalogue of the spiders (Arachnida, Aranei) of Left-Bank Ukraine. Arthropoda Selecta (Suppl.) 2: 1-268
Polchaninova N, Prokopenko E (2019) An updated checklist of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Left-Bank Ukraine. Arachnologische Mitteilungen 57: 60-64 & App
Ponomarev A V, Mikhailov K G, Shmatko V Y (2024c) Review of the spider genus Zora C.L. Koch, 1847 (Aranei: Miturgidae) of Ciscaucasia and the Russian Caucasus. New data on the fauna and distribution, with material from neighbouring regions. Arthropoda Selecta 33: 589-607
Pozzi S, Hänggi A (1998) Araignées nouvelles ou peu connues de la Suisse (Arachnida: Araneae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 71: 33-47
Roberts M J (1998) Spinnengids. Tirion, Baarn, Netherlands, 397 pp.
Růžička V, Řezáč M (2022a) Seznam pavouků České republiky. List of spiders of the Czech Republic. Online at https://www.arachnology.cz/seznam-pavouku-cr-26.html and https://www.arachnology.cz/en/seznam-pavouku-cr-26.html
Schröder M, Chatzaki M, Buchholz S (2011) The spider fauna of the Aladjagiola wetland complex (Nestos Delta, north-east Greece): a reflection of a unique zoogeographical transition zone in Europe. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 102: 217-233
Svatoň J, Gajdoš P, Černecká L, Franc V, Korenko S, Kovalčík R, Krumpálová Z (2009) Pavúky – Araneae. In: Mašán P, Mihál I (eds.), Pavúkovce Cerovej Vrchoviny. Arachnids of the Cerová Vrchovina Highland (Arachnida: Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, Acari), Institute of Forest Ecology, Zvolen: 21-123
Szita É, Kovács P, Szinetár C (2021) Arachnofaunistical studies in Csákányospuszta and surroundings (Tatabánya, Komárom-Esztergom county, Hungary). Natura Somogyiensis 36: 57-66
Urones C (2005) El género Zora C.L. Koch, 1847 (Arachnida, Araneae, Zoridae) en la Península Ibérica. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 11: 7-22
WSC (2026) World Spider Catalog. Version 27. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch (13.2.2026) doi: 10.24436/2
Updates
| 11-01-2026 | Image insert | |
| 17-09-2025 | Distribution update | Detail |
| 21-01-2025 | Image insert | |
| 21-01-2025 | Distribution insert | Detail |
| 21-01-2025 | Distribution update | Detail |
| 15-01-2024 | Image insert | |
| 15-01-2023 | Distribution update | Detail |
| 24-06-2021 | Distribution insert | Detail |
| 22-02-2021 | Distribution insert | Detail |
| 11-01-2021 | Image insert | |
| 28-12-2020 | Image insert | |
| 18-12-2020 | Image insert | |
| 18-01-2020 | Image insert | |
| 04-02-2019 | Distribution update | Detail |
| 02-01-2018 | Image insert |